A search was conducted on Google Scholar and Medline from 2012 to date. This review aims to highlight the effects of legalisation and liberalisation on the global trend of cannabis use. Despite the lack of knowledge, medical practitioners continue to recommend this substance. sativa, like other psychoactive substances, has both medical and psychological side effects. sativa are still subject to intense research due to inconsistent outcomes. Sativa has also been used to manage numerous medical conditions since antiquity. It is the most utilised illicit substance that has gained prominence in some parts of the world as it is used for therapeutic and recreational purposes. Understanding the transition of cannabis through the de-domestication-invasion process will inform policy and minimize agricultural and environmental risks associated with cultivation of domesticated species.Ĭannabis sativa is a complex domesticated plant that has an unstable taxonomy. Here, we synthesize knowledge on cannabis breeding, cultivation, and processing relevant to invasion risk and outline research and management priorities to help overcome the research deficit on the invasion ecology of the species. Moreover, recent liberalization of cannabis cultivation and use policies have raised concerns about invasion risk. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an ideal case study to explore this process because it was one of the earliest plants to co-evolve with humans, has a crop to weed history, and has been introduced and cultivated globally. Understanding this “de-domestication invasion process” is critical for managing conservation efforts to reduce unintended consequences of cultivated species in novel areas. Escape and invasion depend on traits of the species, type and rate of domestication, and cultivation context. Our results could help the cannabis industry achieve better control of product consistency.Ĭultivated plants provide food, fiber, and energy but they can escape, de-domesticate, colonize agroecosystems as weeds, and disrupt natural ecosystems as invasive species. Because these differences were perceptible to untrained panelists, they may also be noticed by retail consumers. It appears that within-strain genetic differences are associated with differences in aroma profile. Within a strain, aroma descriptor frequencies for the genetic outlier were frequently at odds with those of the consensus samples. Aroma profiles were obtained by 55 sniff panelists using quantitative sensory evaluation of 40 odor descriptors. A genetic outlier sample was available for all but one strain. Results were used to select 15 samples for olfactory testing. We genotyped 32 samples using variable microsatellite regions to determine a consensus strain genotype and identify genetic outliers (if any) for four strains. We asked whether genetically inconsistent samples of a commercial strain also display inconsistent aroma profiles. Yet genetic inconsistencies have been noted within named strains. Strains are often associated with phenotypic traits of interest to consumers, such as aroma and cannabinoid content. is grown and marketed under a large number of named strains. Furthermore, to effectively increase the outputs of value products (cannabinoids, seeds, fiber and biomass, etc.) while limiting the THC level, new col-laborations between hemp agronomists and economists may streamline the production process by increasing the efficiency of the total production system of hemp as a multifaceted crop.Ĭannabis sativa L. Additional research strategies, such as the integration of experimentation and modeling efforts, are encouraged to hasten new discovery. The review suggests some previous claims about hemp as a low input crop may not hold true in low-latitude regions. This review provides a comprehensive and updated survey of hemp agronomy, focusing on environmental and management factors influencing the growth, and yield of hemp, methods of cannabinoids detection and quantification, and hemp breeding. ![]() Despite the rapid growth of hemp literature in recent years, it is still uncertain whether the knowledge gained from higher latitude regions is applicable to low latitude and tropical regions where hemp has not been grown traditionally. Recently, different sectors in the economy are investigating hemp cultivation to increase agro-nomic production and to limit delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). sativa) has a long history of domestication due to its versatile uses.
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